Influence of 850 mb trajectories on acid precipitation in southwestern British Columbia     

M. S. Kotturi  T. S. Murty  M. B. Danard 《Natural Hazards》1991,4(1):45-55

Precipitation chemistry in southwestern British Columbia has been examined to determine if the shutdown of the ASARCO smelter in Tacoma, Washington in March of 1985 had a significant effect.The smelter emitted about 300 tonnes/day of sulphur dioxide and about one tonne/day of arsenic. The smelter had a supplementary control system (SCS) which was implemented during adverse meteorological conditions to meet ambient air standards. The SCS was in operation in October 1984.Five storms from October 1984, before the shutdown, that produced precipitation over the eight-station network in southwestern British Columbia, were considered. The 850 mb back trajectories and ionic loadings in the collected precipitation samples were compared. A similar comparison was made for three storms in October 1985, after the shutdown of the smelter. An examination of cases whose trajectories passed over the smelter before and after the shutdown indicated an over 50% decrease in volume weighted average sulphate concentration in precipitation over the Gulf Islands (islands in the southern Strait of Georgia). However, when the trajectory from the northwest passes over British Columbia coastal sources, higher excess SO₄ concentrations were observed in the precipitation over the Gulf Islands, indicating a linkage between these concentrations and the British Columbia coastal sources. There was no apparent change in values at stations farthest from the Strait of Georgia with one exception. It was also noted that there was reduction in arsenic in precipitation, which could be considered as a tracer, after the shutdown of the ASARCO smelter. This paper enlarges on the above observation with comparisons of the major meteorological and chemical characteristics related to eight storms.  相似文献   

内蒙狼山北部古元古代变质花岗岩地球化学特征、锆石U-Pb年代学——哥伦比亚超大陆裂解事件的岩浆记录   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

孙立新  张云  胡晓佳  任邦方  王树庆  张天福 《岩石学报》2018,34(10):3116-3136

内蒙狼山宝音图地区前寒武纪地质体由古元古代宝音图群、片麻状花岗岩、混合岩和斜长角闪岩等组成。锆石LA-MC-ICP-Ms U-Pb测年获得了宝音图变质花岗岩的形成年龄为1644±11Ma~1710±20Ma。岩石学、地球化学研究表明片麻状钠长花岗岩具有高Si O_2(77.08%~79.96%)、高碱(K_2O+Na_2O)(4.46%~7.26%),低Ti O_2(0.088%~0.17%)、MgO(0.036%~0.37%)、Ca O(0.17%~1.19%)及中等Al_2O_3含量(12.12%~14.10%);Na_2OK_2O,A/CNK为0.88~1.091.1,属弱铝质;里特曼指数б=0.54~1.551.8,表明属于钙质系列;10000Ga/Al=3.43~12.46(均值为5.182.6)及较高的含铁指数[Fe O/(Fe O+MgO)=0.57~0.94],显示了低钾钙性A型花岗岩的特点。片麻状二长花岗岩具有高Si O_2(73.65%~77.63%),低Ti O_2(0.11%~0.27%)、MgO(0.25%~0.80%)、Al_2O_3(11.68%~12.72%)、Ca O(0.24%~0.99%)含量,基本与片麻状钠长花岗岩相近;同时具有高碱(K_2O+Na_2O)含量(6.84%~9.31%),低的Na_2O/K_2O比值(0.53~1.62),钾含量明显高于与片麻状钠长花岗岩;A/NCK为0.96~1.86,б=2.06~2.801.8~3.3为钙碱性系列,显示高钾钙碱性A型花岗岩的特点。两类片麻状花岗岩均具有稀土总量较高,轻稀土富集而重稀土亏损的特征,具有明显Eu的负异常;构造判别图解均指示为陆内非造山型A型花岗岩。全岩同位素分析表明具有弱富集-亏损的同位素组成,其中ε_(Nd)(t)为小的负值到小的正值(-4.91~+2.41),两阶段Nd模式年龄t_(DM2)为1.95~2.58Ga;锆石ε_(Hf)(t)均为正值(+1.5~+8.0),两阶段Hf模式年龄t_(DM2)(1.73~2.31Ga),Nd-Hf模式年龄均高于其形成年龄,揭示源自古元古代新生下部陆壳物质的部分熔融,并有少量幔源物质的加入。与华北北缘、欧美大陆的古元古代非造山作用形成的岩浆岩相似,宝音图变质花岗岩时代上与哥伦比亚超大陆的裂解事件(1.7~1.6Ga)具有一致性,可能是全球哥伦比亚超大陆裂解事件的构造岩浆响应。  相似文献   

Geochemistry of coals from the Elk Valley coalfield, British Columbia, Canada     

F. Goodarzi  D.A. Grieve  H. Sanei  T. Gentzis  N.N. Goodarzi 《International Journal of Coal Geology》2009,77(3-4):246-259

The Elk Valley coalfield of British Columbia is one of the major coal producing areas in Canada. The coals are of Cretaceous and Jurassic–Cretaceous age and range in rank from high-volatile to low-volatile bituminous (%Ro_max: 0.8–1.6). Coal seams from outcrops and active mines in this coalfield were analysed for rank and maceral composition using reflected light microscopy, for geochemistry using AAS, INAA, and ICPES, and also by proximate and ultimate analyses. The Elk Valley coal seams contain low average concentrations of hazardous elements such as As, Mo, Pb, and Se. However, there are seams that contain relatively high concentrations of some of these elements, such as 8 mg/kg and 108 mg/kg of arsenic. When the geochemistry of coal seams is compared within the different parts of the coalfield, the elemental composition amongst the seams from various sections located in the central area of the coalfield is similar. Coal seams in the northern area of the coalfield have different geochemistry than coal seams in other areas of the coalfield; seams in the northern area have much higher As, Br, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, and Na content, but contain less Ca.  相似文献   

扬子北缘晚古元古代A型花岗质岩:Columbia超大陆裂解的证据     

黄明达  崔晓庄  程爱国  任光明  何虎庄  陈风霖  张恒利  张建强  任飞 《地质学报》2019,93(3):565-584

为约束扬子陆块晚古元古代构造演化历史,以华山观岩体的钾长花岗岩和二长花岗岩为研究对象,开展地球化学、年代学、全岩Nd同位素及锆石Hf同位素分析。锆石U-Pb定年结果显示钾长花岗岩和二长花岗岩的结晶年龄分别为1860±12 Ma(MSWD=0.69)和1832±14 Ma(MSWD=0.48)。两类岩石都显示铝质A型花岗岩的地球化学特征,一致的ε_(Hf)(t)值(-10.9～-13.8)及其二阶段模式年龄(2962～3183 Ma),揭示其由同一套太古宙的地壳部分熔融形成。综合已有ε_(Hf)(t)值资料,表明扬子陆块广泛存在两套太古宙长英质地壳(3.0～3.5 Ga; 3.5～3.9 Ga),为华山观两类花岗岩的岩浆形成提供了物源。华山观岩体两类花岗岩的锆石饱和温度揭示源岩位于较深的地壳,且二长花岗岩的形成有更多热源的参与。结合扬子陆块同期(～1.85Ga)A型花岗岩的地球化学数据,认为华山观钾长花岗岩具有后碰撞A_2型花岗岩的特征,形成于后碰撞伸展环境,而华山观二长花岗岩具有A_1型花岗岩的地球化学特征,暗示造山后伸展到陆内裂谷过渡的构造背景,可能与Columbia超大陆裂解有关。  相似文献   

Impacts of climate change in three hydrologic regimes in British Columbia,Canada   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

Markus Schnorbus  Arelia Werner  Katrina Bennett 《水文研究》2014,28(3):1170-1189

Hydrologic modelling has been applied to assess the impacts of projected climate change within three study areas in the Peace, Campbell and Columbia River watersheds of British Columbia, Canada. These study areas include interior nival (two sites) and coastal hybrid nival–pluvial (one site) hydro‐climatic regimes. Projections were based on a suite of eight global climate models driven by three emission scenarios to project potential climate responses for the 2050s period (2041–2070). Climate projections were statistically downscaled and used to drive a macro‐scale hydrology model at high spatial resolution. This methodology covers a large range of potential future climates for British Columbia and explicitly addresses both emissions and global climate model uncertainty in the final hydrologic projections. Snow water equivalent is projected to decline throughout the Peace and Campbell and at low elevations within the Columbia. At high elevations within the Columbia, snow water equivalent is projected to increase with increased winter precipitation. Streamflow projections indicate timing shifts in all three watersheds, predominantly because of changes in the dynamics of snow accumulation and melt. The coastal hybrid site shows the largest sensitivity, shifting to more rainfall‐dominated system by mid‐century. The two interior sites are projected to retain the characteristics of a nival regime by mid‐century, although streamflow‐timing shifts result from increased mid‐winter rainfall and snowmelt, and earlier freshet onset. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Geochemistry of black shales from the Mesoproterozoic Srisailam Formation,Cuddapah basin,India: Implications for provenance,palaeoweathering, tectonics,and timing of Columbia breakup     

《Chemie der Erde / Geochemistry》2017,77(4):596-613

The Mesoproterozoic Srisailam Formation, exposed along the northern part of the Cuddapah basin, India, comprises mainly medium- to fine-grained siliciclastics, and is devoid of any carbonate sediment. Preliminary sedimentological studies helped in recognizing fifteen distinct facies (five facies associations) in Chitrial outlier of the Srisailam Formation deposited in continental half-graben basin(s). Black shales (sensu lato) are minor components of the Srisailam Formation, and inferred to have deposited in deep lacustrine and prodelta facies of the half-graben(s). The black shales show restricted thickness (up to 29.0 m), and are characterized by overall high ‘black shale' to ‘total shale' ratio (>0.51). Their geochemical characteristics were studied to constrain provenance, palaeoclimate, and tectonic setting of deposition of the Srisailam Formation. Further, an attempt has been made to use the Srisailam black shales as proxy for constraining the timing of breakup of the supercontinent Columbia.The Srisailam black shales are geochemically quite distinct. At similar SiO₂ contents they are considerably different from PAAS. They are characterized by considerably lower ΣREE (Av. 136.0 ± 50.4 ppm) but a more conspicuous negative Eu-anomaly (Av. 0.34 ± 0.09) than PAAS. Al₂O₃/TiO₂ and TiO₂/Zr ratios coupled with Eu/Eu*, Gd_CN/Yb_CN, La/Sc, Th/Sc, and Th/Cr ratios suggest their derivation from granite and granodiorite. The CIA values (65–90, Av. 72 ± 9) as a whole indicate moderate chemical weathering under semiarid climate. Discriminating geochemical parameters indicate passive margin depositional setting. The combined sedimentological and geochemical characteristics reveal deposition of the Srisailam sediments in continental rift basin(s).Thick succession of black shales (with high CIA values) that deposited with shelf carbonates proxy for mantle superplume and supercontinent breakup events. The sedimentological characteristics and geochemical data of the Srisailam black shales plausibly exclude any large-scale breakup of Columbia during the interval (1400–1327 Ma) of deposition of the Srisailam Formation.  相似文献   

吉林通化地区中元古代辉绿岩墙的发现及其地质意义   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

裴福萍  叶轶凡  王枫  曹花花  路思明  杨德彬 《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2013,43(1):110-118

报道了吉林通化地区中元古代辉绿岩墙LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年结果及地球化学特征,进而探讨了华北板块东北部中元古代辉绿岩墙形成的构造背景及其与哥伦比亚超大陆裂解事件的关系。辉绿岩中锆石呈自形,具有较高的Th/U值（0.21～1.45）,其稀土配分型式显示轻稀土(LREEs)亏损、重稀土(HREEs)富集以及正Ce异常和负Eu异常,上述特征暗示所测锆石为岩浆锆石。锆石U-Pb定年结果显示: 7个分析点构成一条不一致线,上交点年龄为(1 244±28) Ma,该年龄代表了辉绿岩的形成时代,即中元古代。辉绿岩的SiO₂质量分数为49.3%～49.5%,Mg^#值为42.2～42.6,TFe₂O₃为13.6%～14.1%,属于拉斑玄武岩系列。微量元素特征显示: LREEs及大离子亲石元素(LILEs)相对富集,HREEs相对亏损,具有弱的Nb、Ta的亏损和Ti的富集,无明显Eu异常,Ba/Nb和La/Nb值分别为15.8～17.3和1.15～1.20,上述特征暗示通化地区中元古代辉绿岩来源于岩石圈地幔的部分熔融,并有软流圈组分的涉入。结合前人对华北板块北缘前寒武纪地质事件的研究成果,认为通化地区中元古代辉绿岩墙形成于强烈伸展环境,其形成与哥伦比亚超大陆的裂解有关。  相似文献   

Evaluation of the SWEEP model during high winds on the Columbia Plateau     

G. Feng  B. Sharratt 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2009,34(11):1461-1468

A standalone version of the Wind Erosion Prediction System (WEPS) erosion submodel, the Single‐event Wind Erosion Evaluation Program (SWEEP), was released in 2007. A limited number of studies exist that have evaluated SWEEP in simulating soil loss subject to different tillage systems under high winds. The objective of this study was to test SWEEP under contrasting tillage systems employed during the summer fallow phase of a winter wheat–summer fallow rotation within eastern Washington. Soil and PM10 (particulate matter ≤10 µm in diameter) loss and soil and crop residue characteristics were measured in adjacent fields managed using conventional and undercutter tillage during summer fallow in 2005 and 2006. While differences in soil surface conditions resulted in measured differences in soil and PM10 loss between the tillage treatments, SWEEP failed to simulate any difference in soil or PM10 loss between conventional and undercutter tillage. In fact, the model simulated zero erosion for all high wind events observed over the two years. The reason for the lack of simulated erosion is complex owing to the number of parameters and interaction of these parameters on erosion processes. A possible reason might be overestimation of the threshold friction velocity in SWEEP since friction velocity must exceed the threshold to initiate erosion. Although many input parameters are involved in the estimation of threshold velocity, internal empirical coefficients and equations may affect the simulation. Calibration methods might be useful in adjusting the internal coefficients and empirical equations. Additionally, the lack of uncertainty analysis is an important gap in providing reliable output from this model. Published in 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

The Columbia River plume as cross-shelf exporter and along-coast barrier     

N.S. Banas  P. MacCreadyB.M. Hickey 《Continental Shelf Research》2009

An intensive Lagrangian particle-tracking analysis of the July 2004 upwelling period was conducted in a hindcast model of the US Pacific Northwest coast, in order to determine the effect of the Columbia River plume on the fate of upwelled water. The model, implemented using Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS), includes variable wind and atmospheric forcing, variable Columbia river flow, realistic boundary conditions from Navy Coastal Ocean Model (NCOM), and 10 tidal constituents. Model skill has been demonstrated in detail elsewhere [MacCready, P., Banas, N.S., Hickey, B.M., Dever, E.P., Liu, Y., 2008. A model study of tide- and wind-induced mixing in the Columbia River estuary and plume. Continental Shelf Research, this issue, doi:10.1016/j.csr.2008.03.015]. Particles were released in the Columbia estuary, along the Washington coastal wall, and along the model's northern boundary at 48°N. Particles were tracked in three dimensions, using both velocities from ROMS and a vertical random displacement representing turbulent mixing. When 25 h of upwelling flow is looped and particles tracked for 12 d, their trajectories highlight a field of transient eddies and recirculations on scales from 5 to 50 km both north and south of the Columbia. Not all of these features are caused by plume dynamics, but the presence of the plume increases the entrainment of inner-shelf water into them. The cumulative effect of the plume's interaction with these transient features is to increase cross-shelf dispersion: 25% more water is transported laterally past the 100 m isobath when river and estuarine effects are included than when they are omitted. This cross-shelf dispersion also disrupts the southward transport of water along the inner shelf that occurs in the model when the Columbia River is omitted. This second effect—increased retention of upwelled water on the Washington shelf—may be partly responsible for the regional-scale alongcoast gradient in chlorophyll biomass, although variations in shelf width, the Juan de Fuca Eddy to the north, and the intermittency of upwelling-favorable winds are likely also to play important roles.  相似文献   

阿尔泰南缘阿舍勒盆地泥盆纪火山岩中古老锆石的U-Pb年龄、Hf同位素和稀土元素特征及其地质意义   总被引：5，自引：3，他引：5  

宋国学  秦克章  刘铁兵  李光明  申萍 《岩石学报》2010,26(10):2946-2958

阿尔泰造山带南缘发育有NW向斜列的四个泥盆纪海相火山岩沉积盆地,位于北西端的阿舍勒盆地产有阿舍勒大型铜锌矿床,前人对该矿床开展了大量研究,但其容矿火山岩的年龄尚未明确厘定。本文应用LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年和锆石Hf同位素、微量元素,对阿舍勒铜锌矿区内出露的泥盆纪火山岩进行了研究。由锆石U-Pb定年获得了一组火山岩老锆石谐和年龄为1985±8.9Ma,加权年龄为2005±30Ma,代表了阿尔泰地区前寒武纪结晶基底的形成时代,其Th/U值在0.25～0.90之间,εHf(t)为-1.4～8.5,平均值为3.3;另外一组新锆石年龄为408±8Ma,其εHf(t)为9.3,Th/U值为0.49,具有典型岩浆锆石特征,代表了早泥盆世岩浆活动高峰期一次火山活动时代。老锆石∑REE从最低的1015×10-6变化到最高的3486×10-6,表现为轻稀土亏损,重稀土富集特征;本组锆石不同于正常岩浆锆石的显著特征是部分出现Ce元素负异常。锆石U-Pb年龄、Hf同位素及稀土元素Ce负异常特征综合显示,阿尔泰前寒武纪结晶基底可能形成于Columbia超大陆拼合聚集背景下,其物源来自强还原性地幔物质与氧化性地壳物质的不均匀混合。  相似文献